历史上的文艺复兴时期是具有开创性的时期,人文主义思潮深入人心,人们开始认识到神学对理性的压抑,转而重视对人的价值的研究。这一时期的文学巨匠威廉·莎士比亚(1564-1616)运用卓越而大胆的艺术技巧创作了大量放射着强烈的人文主义思想光芒的戏剧作品,其意义超出了他的时代和国家的范围。其中,在他创作的四部喜剧作品《威尼斯商人》、《皆大欢喜》、《第十二夜》和《辛白林》中出现了“女扮男装”现象,“男”、“女”身份的交错出现让我们看到了莎士比亚对界定“男”、“女”存在的矛盾。 本研究站在存在主义的角度上对剧中女主角们在扮装前、扮装、以及换装后三个阶段中的心理和行为进行分析。本研究选择的理论基础是存在主义的“自在存在”与“自为存在”,“自在存在”是超越意识的存在,是自身的固有,而“自为存在”则在时间化的过程中实现。涉及到关于“自在”与“自为”关系的问题的一个重要而基本的要素是身体的存在,萨特认为“我们的身体,其特征即本质上是被他人认识的：我认识的东西就是他人的身体,而我关于我的身体所知道的主要东西来自他人认识它的方式”(Sartre,1956:289),而我们面对着“存在”的两个难题：一个是“他人的存在”,另一个就是我与“他人的存在”的存在关系(Du, Xiaozhen 188-189),所以,他者因素在“自在存在”与“自为存在”的跨度中扮演了重要的角色。本文基于该理论,对比分析研究了莎剧不同时期女主角“女扮男装”现象中的“自在存在”,“自为存在”,由于“他人的存在”以及与“他人的存在”的关系的参与,“女扮男装”现象从鲍西亚“自在存在”的追求满足内心男女平等,过渡到了伊摩西完全“自为”的形式扮装,这中间的过程启示我们正视“自在存在”与“自为存在”的关系,正确看待涉及的他者因素的价值,回归到与社会和谐的“自为存在”,建立和谐的两性社会。 本论文共分为六章。 第一章为绪论,首先介绍了本文的研究背景,论述了研究该论题的必要性与可行性；随后集中阐述了本文的研究目的；最后笔者概述了本文的总体结构。 第二章为理论基础和文献回顾。本章节的第一部分概述了国内外对存在主义的研究,由于存在主义涉及的荒诞虚无等主题暗涵悲观宿命的映射,国内外学者也多运用这一理论挖掘荒诞系列小说及莎士比亚悲剧中的荒诞与死亡。第二部分主要介绍了本文的理论依据一“自在存在”与“自为存在”。第三部分从两方面概述了国内外对莎士比亚的研究：对莎剧笔下女性角色塑造的研究和对莎士比亚性别观的研究。 第三章基于“自在存在”与“自为存在”阐释了《威尼斯商人》中鲍西亚扮装前后的真实存在。婚姻是一个不可忽视的他者因素,为此该章重点分析了鲍西亚对挑选金银铅盒子决定其婚姻的态度,得到结论鲍西亚扮装的主动性凸显了其“自在存在”中对精神的追求促使了其“自为存在”的存在。最后,笔者进一步结合文艺复兴时期的思想分析了鲍西亚主动扮装现象传达出的社会意义,我们要结合外在的因素适时调整内心的欲望。 第四章中分节探究了《皆大欢喜》、《第十二夜》和《辛白林》中女主角的“女扮男装”现象。三部戏剧女主角的扮装均发生在改变的生存环境,且三位女主角的“自为存在”也逐个多余“自在存在”。这就进一步说明了社会上的“他者”因素对莎士比亚创作中的“自在存在”也逐步走向“自为存在”,换句话说,莎士比亚最初理想的男女平等观念最终倒戈向男权社会。 第五章着重分析了他者因素对“自在存在”与“自为存在”的影响。首先,笔者探讨的他者因素是莎士比亚的生平,通过对比分析,我们可发现由于这一他者的介入,“女扮男装”在其不同创作时期展现出了不同形式的存在；其次,笔者探讨了其他他者因素,如自然因素和社会关系等对存在的影响；最后得出结论,当人们面对他者因素的参与时,最初主张的男女平等观念在与现实碰撞的过程中会逐渐瓦解,最终回归到社会对“男”与“女”的设置的轨道上。 第六章为结论部分。首先,笔者总结全文并阐释本研究的含意,启示人们正视“自在存在”与“自为存在”的关系以及其蕴含的社会意义。其次,笔者指出了本文的不足。由于笔者学识尚浅,使得本研究尚不够全面和系统,有待进一步完善。最后笔者提出今后的研究趋势,莎士比亚作品中的现代性已逐渐被人重视。 总之,通过分析“女扮男装”现象下的“自在存在”与“自为存在”的联系,我们可以看到在面临欲望和选择时,要树立正确的价值取向,不论是被动接受还是主动争取,人们都需要正视各种存在的适当性和必要性。  
英文摘要 In Renaissance which is a groundbreaking period and advocates for humanism, the value of human beings begun to be put into the centre of research while they had realized theology's repression to rationality. William Shakespeare (1564-1616), master-craftsman in Renaissance, accomplished massive plays which reflect the influence of the thought of humanism standing superior to his period and country in prominent and challenging artistic skill. Among all plays he created, the phenomenon of the female's cross-dressing appears in his four famous comedies, The Merchant of Venice, As You Like it, Twelfth Night and Cymbeline. Referring to this interesting phenomenon, what arouses our eyes is that the transposition of the gender identities reveals Shakespeare's ambivalence to define existence of the men and women. The thesis aims to do study on the heroines' behaviors and reactions during the phases of their crossing-dressing—before their cross-dressing, the moment in their cross-dressing and the moment of their return back. The theoretical basis of the study is being-in-itself and being-for-itself in existentialism:being-in-itself is the existence surpassing the consciousness and endowed initially; being-for-itself is kind of existence fulfilled along with time. For a further step, when we discuss the relation between being-in-itself and being-for-itself, an important and primary element, the existence of the body, can not be ignored. Regarding the body, Sartre states that "characteristics or the essences of our body are acquainted by the others: what we appreciate is others' body and the acquaintance of ourselves is also through the means others appreciate them"(Sartre,1956:289), and two important puzzlers we should encounter are the existence of others and the relation between human beings and others(Du, Xiaozhen 188-189), therefore, the factors of others play an essential role for the spanning from being-in-itself to being-for-itself. Based on this theory, the thesis intends to do a comparative study on heroines' cross-dressing in different periods. By the study, we can find that because of the involvement of the existence of others and the personal relation with others, the essences what the same form of the cross-dressing reveal span through two kinds of extreme situation: Portia's fulfilling her being-in-itself to meet for desire acquiring the equality between the genders; Imogen's cross-dressing just in the form in standing in her being-for-itself. This spanning pushes us to take reasonable attitude on the relation of kinds of existence and their influencing others which is the necessity for us to contribute to the establishment of the harmonious society. The thesis consists of six chapters. The first chapter is an introduction including three sections:the background of the study, in which the necessity and feasibility to do this research is pointed out; the purpose of the study and the framework of the thesis. The second chapter is theoretical basis and literature review. The first section in this chapter is researches on existentialism at home and abroad. Because of the absurdity and nothingness in existentialism, the scholars at home and abroad mostly apply this theory to explore the absurdity and the death in the novels in the series of the absurdity and Shakespeare's tragedies. The second section mainly introduces the theoretical basis of this thesis. The third section of this chapter is researches related to Shakespeare on two concerning aspects, researches on Shakespeare's attitude to his female characters and ambivalence to the existence of the men and the women. The third chapter interprets Portia's genuine existence in her female identity and disguised identity in The Merchant of Venice based on the theory of being-in-itself and being-for-itself. While the marriage is an unnegligible other factor, the section about Portia's attitude towards the arrangement of caskets is paid much attention. The summary is that Portia's cross-dressing reflects that her pursuit for the mental desire in her being-in-itself urges her existence as being-for-itself. Lastly, the author makes the further analysis of the social significance which Portia's active cross-dressing has transmitted combining the thought in Renaissance. The fourth chapter analyzes the heroines'cross-dressing in As You Like it, Twelfth Night and Cymbeline in sections. Heroines'cross-dressing in these three plays all occur under alterative living atmosphere and their being-for-itself play more roles in their lives than being-in-itself one after another. According to these analyses, it proves to us that factors of others make Shakespeare's creation walking from being-in-itself to being-for-itself gradually, that is to say Shakespeare falls into the majority of the male-dominated society from his initial ideal to fulfill the real equality between the men and women. The fifth chapter analyzes the influence of others to being-in-itself and being-for-itself. At first, the factor of others the author discusses is Shakespeare's life. In this part, from the comparative analysis of four analyzed plays, the forms of the existence vary according to their periods for the involvement of others. Secondly, the author discusses the influence of the other others. And the final conclusion is that the moment the others involve in people's life, the clash between the ideal of equality between the men and women and the reality will break down the initial ideal and then push you return back to the tracks regulated by the society. The last chapter is the conclusion part. At first, the author arranges the part of the summary of the thesis, enlightening human beings to treat properly the relation between being-in-itself and being-for-itself and its implied social significance. In the following part, the author points out the limitation of the paper. Because of limited knowledge and material, the research is neither comprehensive nor systematical, requiring further research and integrity. And lastly, it tells us the trend of further study, the modernity of Shakespeare and his works becomes to be top topic gradually. In one word, through the analysis about the relation between being-in-itself and being-for-itself under the phenomenon of the female's cross-dressing, we can find that human beings should establish correct value orientation facing their alternating the desires or to abandon. As a result, no matter accepting passively or fighting for actively, we should face squarely the necessity and appropriateness for various kinds of existence.  
[学位论文]  杨春娟， 2009 - 中南大学 中南大学：英语语言文学
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